Top 30 MCQS OF CELL TRAUMA AND INJURY

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1. Trauma is defined as a direct personal experience involving all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Actual or threatened death

b) Serious injury

c) Witnessing a non-threatening event

d) Threat to one's physical integrity

Explanation: The definition of trauma explicitly includes actual or threatened death, serious injury, and threat to one's physical integrity, or witnessing such events. Witnessing a non-threatening event is not part of this definition.

2. Memories associated with trauma are described as:

a) Easily recalled

b) Pre-verbal and cannot be recalled but can be triggered

c) Always conscious

d) Not influenced by environmental stimuli

Explanation: Memories associated with trauma are pre-verbal and cannot be recalled, but can be triggered by stimuli from the environment.

3. Psychological trauma is defined as:

a) Physical damage to the body

b) Damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a distressing event

c) A type of physical injury

d) An inherited disorder

Explanation: Psychological trauma is specifically defined as a type of damage to the mind that occurs as a result of a distressing event.

4. Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of situational trauma?

a) War

b) Mechanized accidents

c) Medical emergencies

d) Genetic predisposition

Explanation: Situational trauma can be caused by man-made and natural disasters, including war, abuse, violence, mechanized accidents, or medical emergencies. Genetic predisposition is not mentioned as a cause of situational trauma.

5. Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by:

a) Internal physiological processes

b) External force

c) Genetic mutations

d) Nutritional deficiencies only

Explanation: Injury is defined as damage to the body caused by external force.

6. Major trauma is characterized as injury that has the potential to cause:

a) Mild discomfort

b) Temporary bruising

c) Prolonged disability or death

d) Minor skin irritation

Explanation: Major trauma is defined as injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

7. Which of the following is a feature of reversible cell injury?

a) Necrosis

b) Apoptosis

c) Intracellular edema

d) Gangrene

Explanation: Reversible injury includes intracellular edema, fatty change, hyaline change, amyloidosis, mucoid degeneration, and pathologic pigments. Necrosis, apoptosis, and gangrene are associated with irreversible injury or cell death.

8. Intracellular edema is also known as:

a) Fatty change

b) Cloudy swelling

c) Hyaline change

d) Amyloidosis

Explanation: Intracellular edema is also known as cloudy swelling.

9. Accumulation of fat in non-fatty cells is called:

a) Intracellular edema

b) Steatosis

c) Hyaline change

d) Mucoid degeneration

Explanation: The definition of fatty change states, There is the accumulation of fat in non-fatty cells. It is also known as steatosis.

10. Which organ plays a central role in fat metabolism and can undergo fatty change in toxic conditions?

a) Heart

b) Kidney

c) Liver

d) Brain

Explanation: The liver plays a central role in fat metabolism, and the accumulation of fat in toxic conditions can be very dangerous.

11. Hyaline change characterized by a homogeneous, glass-like appearance in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections is seen in:

a) Intracellular edema

b) Fatty change

c) Hyaline degeneration

d) Mucoid degeneration

Explanation: Hyaline change involves various histological or cytological alterations characterized by a homogeneous, glass-like appearance in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections.

12. Mallory's hyaline represents aggregates of intermediate filaments in hepatocytes in which condition?

a) Typhoid fever

b) Viral infections

c) Alcoholic liver cell injury

d) Hypertension

Explanation: Mallory's hyaline represents aggregates of intermediate filaments in the hepatocytes in alcoholic liver cell injury.

13. Extracellular hyaline change can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Leiomyomas of the uterus

b) Hyalinised old scar of fibro-collagenous tissues

c) Hyalinised glomeruli in chronic glomerulonephritis

d) Intracellular protein reabsorption

Explanation: Leiomyomas of the uterus, hyalinised old scar of fibro-collagenous tissues, and hyalinised glomeruli in chronic glomerulonephritis are examples of extracellular hyaline change. Intracellular protein reabsorption is related to hyaline droplets in proximal tubular epithelial cells, which is an example of intracellular hyaline.

14. Mucoid degeneration involves the accumulation of:

a) Fat

b) Mucin (glycoprotein)

c) Amyloid

d) Hyaline

Explanation: Mucoid degeneration involves mucus containing mucin (glycoprotein) secreted by mucous glands, and there is a change characterized by accumulation of mucin.

15. Amyloid degeneration is characterized by the extracellular deposition of a fibrillar proteinaceous substance called amyloid, which is primarily composed of:

a) Normal collagen

b) An abnormal protein

c) Excess mucin

d) Calcium soaps

Explanation: Amyloid is described as a 'waxy substance' composed essentially of an abnormal protein.

16. Cell death is a state of:

a) Reversible injury

b) Mild injury

c) Irreversible injury

d) Normal cellular function

Explanation: Cell death is a state of irreversible injury.

17. Which of the following is NOT a form of irreversible cell injury resulting in cell death?

a) Autolysis

b) Necrosis

c) Apoptosis

d) Intracellular edema

Explanation: Autolysis, necrosis, and apoptosis are all listed as local or focal changes that can occur in the living body as irreversible injury. Intracellular edema is a reversible injury.

18. Necrosis is defined as a localized area of death of tissue followed by:

a) Cell division

b) Tissue repair

c) Degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes

d) Regeneration of cells

Explanation: Necrosis is defined as a localised area of death of tissue followed by degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes liberated from dead cells.

19. The two essential changes that characterize irreversible cell injury in all types of necrosis are:

a) Increased ATP and protein synthesis

b) Cell digestion by lytic enzymes and denaturation of proteins

c) Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and recovery

d) Clumping of chromatin and normal cell function

Explanation: Two essential changes characterise irreversible cell injury in necrosis of all types: Cell digestion by lytic enzymes and Denaturation of proteins.

20. Which type of necrosis is most commonly caused by ischemia?

a) Liquefaction necrosis

b) Caseous necrosis

c) Coagulative necrosis

d) Fat necrosis

Explanation: Coagulative necrosis is the most common type of necrosis mainly caused due to ischemia. While liquefaction necrosis can also be caused by ischemic injury, coagulative is stated as the "most common".

21. An example of coagulative necrosis is:

a) Brain infarct

b) Myocardial infarction

c) Tuberculosis

d) Acute pancreatitis

Explanation: Myocardial infarction is provided as an example of coagulative necrosis. Brain infarct is an example of liquefaction necrosis, tuberculosis is associated with caseous necrosis, and acute pancreatitis with fat necrosis.

22. Liquefaction necrosis is primarily caused by:

a) Denaturation of proteins

b) Ischemic injury, bacterial, and fungal infections

c) Accumulation of lactic acid

d) Release of lipids from cell walls

Explanation: Causes of liquefaction necrosis include ischemic injury and bacterial and fungal infections.

23. Caseous necrosis is most commonly encountered in:

a) Myocardial infarction

b) Acute pancreatitis

c) Tuberculosis

d) Hypertension

Explanation: Caseous necrosis is most commonly encountered in T.B (Tuberculosis).

24. In caseous necrosis, the tissue appears as:

a) Soft, granular, and yellowish cheesy material

b) Chalky white deposits

c) Glass-like

d) Homogeneous and eosinophilic

Explanation: Gross features of caseous necrosis describe the tissue appearing as cheesy material, which is soft, granular, and yellowish in color.

25. Fat necrosis in adipose tissue is caused by the action of:

a) Proteases

b) Activated lipases

c) Glycosidases

d) Nucleases

Explanation: Fat necrosis in adipose tissue is due to the action of activated lipases.

26. An example of fat necrosis is:

a) Brain infarct

b) Myocardial infarction

c) Acute pancreatic necrosis

d) Tuberculosis

Explanation: Acute pancreatic necrosis is given as an example of fat necrosis.

27. Fibrinoid necrosis is characterized by the deposition of fibrin-like material and is seen in:

a) Chronic inflammation

b) Immune vasculitis and malignant HTN

c) Ischemic heart disease

d) Bacterial infections

Explanation: Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in immune vasculitis and malignant HTN.

28. Which of the following is a mechanism of cell injury related to oxygen deprivation?

a) Free radical initiation

b) Hypoxia

c) Chemical agents

d) Physical agents

Explanation: Hypoxia is listed under the "Mechanism of cell injury" and is explicitly described as oxygen deprivation caused by ischemia, inadequate oxygenation, or loss of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

29. Apoptosis is described as a form of:

a) Uncontrolled cell growth

b) Coordinated and internally programmed cell death

c) Inflammatory reaction

d) Random cell lysis

Explanation: Apoptosis is defined as a form of 'coordinated and internally programmed cell death'.

30. A key difference between apoptosis and necrosis is that in apoptosis:

a) The plasma membrane ruptures early, leading to inflammation

b) Cell contents leak out, causing an inflammatory reaction

c) The plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell remains intact, but the membrane is altered in such a way that the cell and its fragments become avid targets for phagocytes. The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out, and therefore cell death by this pathway does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the host

d) Cells swell and burst

Explanation: Apoptosis differs from necrosis because the plasma membrane of the apoptotic cell remains intact, but is altered such that the cell and its fragments become avid targets for phagocytes. The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out, and therefore cell death by this pathway does not elicit an inflammatory reaction in the host. This contrasts with necrosis where there is enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular contents, leading to an inflammatory reaction.

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